1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Yellox
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
One ml of solution contains 0.9 mg bromfenac (as sodium sesquihydrate).
One drop contains approximately 33 micrograms bromfenac.
Excipient:
Each ml of solution contains 50 micrograms of benzalkonium chloride.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Eye drops, solution.
Clear yellow solution.
pH: 8.1-8.5; osmolality: 270-330 mOsmol/kg
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation following cataract extraction in adults.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Posology
Use in adults, including the elderly
The dose is one drop of Yellox in the affected eye(s) twice daily, beginning the next day after cataract surgery and continuing through the first 2 weeks of the postoperative period.
The treatment should not exceed 2 weeks as safety data beyond this is not available.
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of bromfenac in paediatric patients has not been established. No data are available.
Hepatic and renal impairment
Yellox has not been studied in patients with hepatic disease or renal impairment.
Method of administration
For ocular use.
If more than one topical ophtalmic medicinal product is being used, each one should be administered at least 5 minutes apart.
To prevent contamination of the dropper-tip and solution, care must be taken not to touch the eyelids, surrounding areas or other surfaces with the dropper-tip of the bottle. Instruct patient to keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use. Contact lenses should not be worn during treatment with Yellox (see section 4.4).
4.3 Contraindications
Yellox must not be used in patients with known hypersensitivity to bromfenac, to any of the excipients, or to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicinal products (NSAIDs).
Yellox is contraindicated in patients in whom attacks of asthma, urticaria or acute rhinitis are precipitated by acetylsalicylic acid or by other medicinal products with prostaglandin synthetase inhibiting activity.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
All topical NSAIDs may slow or delay healing like topical corticosteroids. Concomitant use of NSAIDs and topical steroids may increase the potential for healing problems.
Yellox contains sodium sulphite which may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in susceptible patients.
Cross-sensitivity
There is the potential for cross-sensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid, phenylacetic acid derivatives, and other NSAIDs. Therefore, caution should be used when treating individuals who have previously exhibited sensitivities to these medicinal products and potential risks and benefit should be carefully evaluated.
Susceptible persons
In susceptible patients, continued use of topical NSAIDs, including Yellox may result in epithelial breakdown, corneal thinning, corneal erosion, corneal ulceration or corneal perforation. These events may be sight threatening. Patients with evidence of corneal epithelial breakdown should immediately discontinue use of topical NSAIDs and should be closely monitored for corneal health. Consequently in at risk patients concomitant use of ophthalmic corticosteroids with NSAIDs may lead to a higher risk of corneal adverse events.
Postmarketing experience
Postmarketing experience with topical NSAIDs suggests that patients with complicated ocular surgeries, corneal denervation, corneal epithelial defects, diabetes mellitus and ocular surface diseases e.g. dry eye syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis or repeat ocular surgeries within a short period of time may be at increased risk for corneal adverse reactions which may become sight threatening. Topical NSAIDs should be used with caution in these patients.
There have been reports that ophthalmic NSAIDs may cause increased bleeding of ocular tissues (including hyphaema) in conjunction with ocular surgery. Yellox should be used with caution in patients with known bleeding tendencies or who are receiving other medicinal products which may prolong bleeding time.
Ocular infection
An acute ocular infection may be masked by the topical use of anti-inflammatory medicinal products.
Use of contact lenses
In general, contact lens wear is not recommended during the postoperative period following cataract surgery. Therefore, patients should be advised not to wear contact lenses during treatment with Yellox.
Excipients
Since Yellox contains benzalkonium chloride, close monitoring is required with frequent or prolonged use.
Benzalkonium chloride is known to discolour soft contact lenses. Contact with soft contact lenses must be avoided.
Benzalkonium chloride has been reported to cause eye irritation, punctuate keratopathy and/or toxic ulcerative keratopathy.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Formal interaction studies have not been performed, but no interactions with antibiotic eye drops used in conjunction with surgery have been reported.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy
There are no adequate data from the use of bromfenac in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. Since the systemic exposure in non-pregnant women is negligible after treatment with Yellox, the risk during pregnancy could be considered low.
However, because of the known effects of prostaglandin biosynthesis-inhibiting medicinal products on the foetal cardiovascular system (closure of ductus arteriosus), the use of Yellox during third trimester pregnancy should be avoided. The use of Yellox is in general not recommended during pregnancy unless the benefit outweighs the potential risk.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether bromfenac or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of bromfenac in the milk of rats following very high oral doses (see section 5.3). No effects on the breastfed newborn/infant are anticipated since the systemic exposure of the breastfeeding woman to bromfenac is negligible. Yellox can be used during breast-feeding.
Fertility
No effects of bromfenac on the fertility were observed in animal studies. In addition the systemic exposure to bromfenac is negligible; for this reason no pregnancy testing or contraceptive measures are required.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Transient blurring of vision may occur on instillation. If blurred vision occurs at instillation refrain from driving or using machines until vision is clear.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Summary of the safety profile
Based on an analysis of all patients receiving Yellox in a clinical trial for treatment of post-operative inflammation following cataract surgery (n = 973, whereof n=356 in studies performed in the U.S and n=617 in studies performed in Japan), a total of 3.4% of patients (6.7% in U.S. studies and 1.3% in Japanese studies) experienced one or more adverse reactions. The most common or most important reactions in the pooled studies were abnormal sensation in eye (0.5%), corneal erosion (mild or moderate) (0.4%), eye pruritus (0.4%), eye pain (0.3%) and eye redness (0.3%). Corneal adverse reactions were only observed in the Japanese population. Adverse reactions rarely led to withdrawal, with a total of 8 (0.8%) patients who prematurely discontinued treatment in a study due to an adverse reaction. These comprised 3 (0.3%) patients with mild corneal erosion, 2 (0.2%) patients with eyelid oedema and 1 (0.1%) patient each with abnormal sensation in eye, corneal oedema, or eye pruritus.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following adverse reactions were classified according to the following convention: very common (
The table below describes adverse reactions by system organ class and frequency.
MedDRA system organ class
|
Frequency
|
Adverse reactions
|
Eye disorders
|
Uncommon
|
Visual acuity reduced
Haemorrhagic retinopathy
Corneal epithelium defect**
Corneal erosion (mild or moderate)
Corneal epithelium disorder
Corneal oedema
Retinal exudates
Eye pain
Eyelid bleeding
Vision blurred
Photophobia
Eyelid oedema
Eye discharge
Eye pruritus
Eye irritation
Eye redness
Conjunctival hyperaemia
Abnormal sensation in eye
Ocular discomfort
|
Rare
|
Corneal perforation*
Corneal ulcer*
Corneal erosion, serious*
Scleromalacia*
Corneal infiltrates*
Corneal disorder *
Corneal scar*
|
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
|
Uncommon
|
Epistaxis
Cough
Nasal sinus drainage
|
Rare
|
Asthma*
|
|
General disorders and administrative site conditions
|
Uncommon
|
Face swelling
|
*Serious, isolated reports from post-marketing experience of more than 20 million patients
** Observed with four times daily dose
Patients with evidence of corneal epithelial breakdown should immediately discontinue use of Yellox and should be monitored closely for corneal health (see section 4.4).
4.9 Overdose
If Yellox is accidentally ingested, fluids should be taken to dilute the medicinal product.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Ophtalmologics, Antiinflammatory agents, non-steroids, ATC code: S01BC11
Mechanism of action
Bromfenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has anti-inflammatory activity which is thought to be due to its ability to block prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting primarily cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) is only inhibited to a small extent.
In vitro, bromfenac inhibited the synthesis of prostaglandins in the rabbit iris ciliary body. The IC50-values were lower for Bromfenac (1.1 μM) than for indometacin (4.2 μM) and pranoprofen (11.9 μM)
Bromfenac at concentrations of 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% inhibited almost all signs of ocular inflammation in an experimental uveitis model in rabbits.
Clinical efficacy
Two Phase II multicentre, randomised, double-masked, parallel group studies were conducted in Japan, and two Phase III multicentre, randomised (2:1), double-masked, parallel group, placebo-controlled studies were conducted in the US to assess the clinical safety and efficacy of Yellox dosed twice daily in the treatment of post-operative inflammation in patients undergoing cataract surgery. In these studies, study substance was administered approximately 24 hours after cataract surgery and continued for up to 14 days. Treatment effect was evaluated up to 29 days.
A significantly greater proportion of patients in the Yellox group 64.0% vs. 43.3% in the placebo group (p<0.0001) experienced complete clearance of ocular inflammation at study day 15. There was significantly less anterior chamber cells and flare within the first 2 weeks post-surgery (85.1% of patients with flare score of
In a large, well controlled study that was conducted in Japan, Yellox was shown to be as effective as pranoprofen ophthalmic solution.
Paediatric population
The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Yellox in all subsets of the paediatric population in postoperative ocular inflammation (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use)
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption
Bromfenac efficiently permeates the cornea of cataract patients: A single dose resulted in a mean peak aqueous humour concentrations of 79±68 ng/ml at 150-180 minutes after dosing. Concentrations were maintained for 12 hours in aqueous humour with measurable levels up to 24 hours in major ocular tissues including the retina. Following twice daily dosing with bromfenac eye drops plasma concentrations were not quantifiable.
Distribution
Bromfenac shows high binding to plasma proteins. In vitro, the 99.8% were bound to proteins in human plasma.
No biological relevant melanin binding was observed in vitro.
Studies in rabbits using radio-labelled bromfenac have demonstrated that highest concentrations after topical administration are observed in the cornea followed by the conjunctiva and the aqueous humour. Only low concentrations were observed in the lens and vitreous.
Biotransformation
In vitro studies indicate that bromfenac is mainly metabolised by CYP2C9, which is absent in both iris-ciliary body and retina/choroid and the level of this enzyme in the cornea is less than 1% compared to the corresponding hepatic level.
In orally treated humans unchanged parent compound is the major component in plasma. Several conjugated and unconjugated metabolites have been identified with the cyclic amide being the major urinary metabolite.
Excretion
After ocular administration the half-life of bromfenac in aqueous humour is 1.4 h indicating rapid elimination.
After oral administration of 14C-bromfenac to healthy volunteers, urinary excretion was found to be the major route of radioactive excretions, accounting for approximately 82% while faecal excretion represented approximately 13% of the dose.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety, pharmacology, 'repeated-dose' toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential. However, 0.9 mg/kg/day in rats at oral doses (900 times the recommended ophthalmic dose) caused embryo-foetal lethality, increased neonatal mortality, and reduced postnatal growth. Pregnant rabbits treated orally with 7.5 mg/kg/day (7500 times the recommended ophthalmic dose) caused increased post-implantation loss (see section 4.6).
Animal studies have shown excretion of bromfenac in breast milk when applied orally at doses of 2.35 mg/kg which is 2350 times the recommended ophthalmic dose. However, following ocular administration plasma levels were not detectable (see section 5.2).
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Boric acid
Borax
Sodium sulphite, anhydrous (E221)
Tyloxapol
Povidone
Benzalkonium chloride
Disodium edetate
Water for injections
Sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf Life
Unopened: 17 months
Discard any unused contents 4 weeks after first opening.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Do not store above 25°C.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
5 ml solution in a polyethylene plastic squeeze bottle with a dropper-tip and a polyethylene screw cap.
Pack of 1 bottle.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special requirements.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Croma Pharma GmbH
Industriezeile 6
A-2100 Leobendorf
Austria
Tel.: +43 (0)22 62 684 68 0
Fax.: +43 (0)22 62 684 68 15
Email: office@croma.at
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
EU/1/11/692/001
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
19.05.2011
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu
